Animals and Insects in Pashto

Pashto Alphabets

Pashto Peom- ټولی ژبی

  ټولی ژبی

ګرانو خويندو ورونو، زه می ګران افغانستان غواړم

پا ک له تعصبه ، ټو لی ژ بی د ا فغا ن غوا ړم

نوری ژبی کور کښی می لسا ن د خپلو ورونو د ی

زه به څه پښتون يم که په ورونو کښی می ځان غواړم

دومره زه ټيټ نه يم چه ټيټ وبولم د کور خلک

ځان سره نيکنا مه په نړی کښی هر افغا ن غواړم

لری که د ځان کړمه د ښمن به پری ود ا ن کړمه

زه کم عقل نه يم شا او خوا کښی با زوګا ن غواړم

ژ بی د ی ګلو نه په يو ګل به پسرلی نه شی

رنګ په رنګ ګلونه، په وطن کښی ګلستان غواړم

زه به می د قا م شمله ا و چته په ا خلا ق کړمه

ځکه په ښا يست د ټولو ژبو ملک ود ا ن غوا ړم

ژبه و سيله د تعا رف د ه څه و يا ړ نه د ه

قوم يی که هرڅه وی، د ټو لنی ښه انسان غواړم

خلک می تورن کړی ، چه زه کفر د پښتو وا يم

داسی يی مؤمن يم ، چه جنت می په ايمان غواړم

فرق نه کوی ما ته که د مور وی که د ورور ژبه

ټول دی زما ژبی، زه په کور کښی می امان غواړم

قد ر ا حترا م د ټو لو ژبو د ه وا جب په ما

ځکه چه می ژبی ته عزت زه سليما ن غوا ړم

سليمان شاه صوفی زاده

Pashto Alphabets

Numbers in Pashto

Fruits

Colors in Pashto

Short Summary of Pashto Grammar

Short Summary of Pashto Grammar

Parts of Speech

Essential sentence Elements in Pashto language

Every language of the world has its particular grammar rules and sentence structure that may not apply to other languages. Languages may have the same elements or parts of speech but the structure or position of each sentence element may not be the same as the other languages. For the most part, here in this book we will be comparing the sentence structure of Pashto language with that of the English language. I believe such a comparison and break down of sentence structure and all the elements that make up a complete sentence is important.

Sentences in Pashto language consist of the following important parts or elements.

1-  Nouns

2-  Pronouns

3-  Verbs

4-  Adjectives

5-  Adverbs

6-  Prepositions

7-  Conjunctions

1-اسم یا نوم (Noun) it is a name of a thing, place, idea, or a person. Both animate and non-animate Nouns in Pashto have gender as male and female. Feminine nouns usually end with the letters ه or ی like کاسه-څوکی-سپینه-وریره but there are nouns that do not end with any of these two and still considered as feminine like مور-غوا. In Pashto language it is very important to know the gender of the nouns. The gender of a noun affects the rest of the components in a sentence like adjectives and Verbs. A Masculine or Feminine noun can only have an adjective or a Verb that has the same gender like the noun it is modifying in a sentence.

Examples: کتاب-احمد-څوکی-کړکی

توره څوکی

سپینه کړکی

تور ساعت

سپین کتاب

احمد راغی

جمیله راغله

There are two types of Nouns in Pashto.

a-عام نوم (Common Noun:)

Examples: هلک- کتاب- میز-کور

b- خاص نوم (Proper Noun:)

Examples: احمد-کابل-امریکا-جمیله

2-ضمیر (Pronoun) that which replaces a noun. There are two types of pronouns in Pashto:

a-                  شخصی ضمایر(Personal Pronouns) These pronouns are used instead of a name of a person in a sentence.

b-                  داشاری ضمایر (Demonstrative Pronoun) These pronouns are used to point at something or a person.

     c-                   شخصی ضمایر(Personal Pronouns)

شخصی ضمایر	Personal Pronouns	Examples
زه	I	زه احمد یم	I am Ahmad.
ته -  تاسو	You	تاسو زما دوست یاست	You are my friend.
هغه	He	هغه یو ښه هلک دی	He is a good boy.
هغوی	They	هغوی زموږ دوستان دی	They are our friends.
هغه	She	هغه یوه انجلۍ ده	She is a girl.
موږ	We	موږ افغانان یو	We are Afghans.

d-                  داشاری ضمایر (Demonstrative Pronoun)

داشاری ضمایر مفرد	Demonstrative Pronoun Singular	داشاری ضمایر جمع	Demonstrative Pronoun Plural
دا	This	دا	These
دغه	This	دغه	These
هغه	That	هغه	Those

Examples: دا- دغه-هغه

داکتاب زما دی

This is my book.

دغه قلم ستا دی

This is your pen.

هغه موټر دخالد دی

That is Khalid’s car.

Examples:

داکتابونه زما دی

These are my books.

دغه قلمونه ستا دی

These are your pens.

هغه موټرونه د خالد دی

Those are Khalid’s cars.

دضمایروحا لتونه(Cases of Pronouns)

Pronouns in Pashto have 3 cases, possessive, Subjective, and objective. They can be used as subjects of an action, object of an action or just to show ownership to someone or something in a sentence.

حالت فاعلی	Subjective  Cases	حالت مفعولی	Objective	ملکی حالت	Possessive
زه	I	ما	Me	زما	My
ته -  تاسو	You	تاسوته-تاته	You	ستا- ستا سو	Your
هغه	He	هغه	Him	دهغه	His
هغوی	They	هغوی	Them	دهغوئ	Their
هغه	She	هغه	Her	دهغی	Her
موږ	We	موږ	Us	زموږ	Our

a-  حالت فاعلی (Subjective)

     Examples:

b- حالت مفعولی  (Objective)

     Examples:

c-  ملکی حالت (Possessive)

     Examples:

*. Pronouns in Pashto have 3 conditions or states:

a- متکلم  ( First Person)

b- مخاطب (Second Person)

c- غایب  ( Third Person)

3- فعل (Verb) that which shows a state of being, becoming and an action that signifies tense like past, present and future. Pashto Verbs in their Infinitive form end with the letter “ل”

Examples: لیکل – لوستل – کارکول – تلل –کتل - ویل

Types of Verb: Generally we can categorize the Verbs in Pashto as the following:

a-   To Be Verbs

b-   To Do Verbs

c-   To become

To Be Verbs

پښتو			English
دحال زمانه	تیره زمانه	ضمیرونه	Pronouns	Present	Past
یم	وم	زه	I	Am	Was
یا ست	وي	ته -  تاسو	You	Are	Were
دی	ؤ	هغه	He	Is	Was
دي	ول	هغوی	They	Are	Were
ده	وه	هغه	She	Is	Was
یو	وو	موږ	We	Are	Were

To Do Verbs:

a-فعل لازمی  (Transitive Verb) It is a verb that has a subject and an object in a sentence.

Examples:   ماتول  –  لیکل  - خورل  -  مینځل  - ورکول

زه خپل قلم ماتوم

خالد خپل ورور ته خط لیکی

زه ډوډی خورم

b- فعل متعدی (Intransitive Verb) It is a verb that does not have an object. But it is to be noted that there are verbs that can function both as a transitive and intransitive according to the need to of the sentences.

Examples: تلل – لیدل - خبری کول - ماتیدل

زه هلته ځم

هغه کوری

هغوی خبری کوی

ځوکی ماتیږی

Note: The conjugation of the Verbs in Pashto is not like that of English verbs. English language verbs are either regularly conjugated by adding “ED” at the end of the Regular verbs to form past tense. And “S” or “ES” is added to the verbs to form simple present tense. Whereas in Pashto it is a little more complicated and the verbs are conjugated according to the Subject of a verb in a sentence. In order to conjugate verbs in Pashto certain factors or aspects like plurality, Singularity , Masculinity , Femininity , and other cases like, First person, Second Person, Third Person of the Subject (Doer) needs to be considered. Based on these conditions the verbs are conjugated accordingly.

4-   صفت(Adjective) That which modifies a noun. Like nouns in Pashto, adjectives also have masculine and feminine genders. Since all nouns have a gender in Pashto therefore, the adjective that modifies the noun must be in the same gender of the noun in a sentence. With a masculine noun we must use the masculine form of that adjective and with a feminine noun a feminine form of the adjective as in examples below.

Examples: تور- توره – سپین – سپینه – ټیټ - ټیټه

تورقلم

توره تخته

ټیټ سړی

ټیټه ښځه

More to be added....